Personal Counseling: Theory of Change Essay -- Psychology

Over the last 100 years, the underpinning concepts in the fields of psychology and counseling were wrought. Within this period, these concepts have transformed and evolved from somewhat crude conceptions of the psyche toward more holistic interventions and approaches. As the profession continues to move forward, adaptations of the original theorists regarding the nature of man and the development of personality continue to emerge. These adaptations, along with the integration of new concepts and ideas, continue to contribute to the field. The author describes his view of man and human nature, personality development, and explores potential implications for counseling. Nature of Man The work of Sigmund Freud continues to influence contemporary practice, as many of his basic concepts remain the foundation from which other theorists develop. Freud described life instincts, a central tenant of the Freudian approach, as instincts that serve the purpose of survival for man as well as the human race. Glasser’s Choice Theory maintains that human behavior is internally motivated by five genetic impulses. The first noted among these impulses is survival (Skeen, 2002; Wubbolding, 2005). Man is a carnal being, sharing the same defensive and predatory instincts found throughout the animal kingdom. Man has basic needs and is driven towards satisfying them. When examining the development of the human brain, it is known the first portion to develop is the cerebellum. The cerebellum is the seat of human life support systems and our natural instincts. Sharing the fight or flight responses, the experience of apprehension towards looming animals or objects, and a need to live and reproduce are innate. These all may be experienced to differen... ... Journal of Individual Psychology, 38(1), 1-6. Adler, K. A. (1994). Socialist influences on Adlerian psychology. Individual Psychology, 50(2), 131-141. Day, S. X. (2008). Theory and design in counseling and psychology. Boston: Lahaska. Manaster, G. J. (1987). Adlerian theory and movement. Individual Psychology, 43(3), 280-287. Minor, J. (2007). Some reasons why I use REBT in my private practice and personal life. ETC: A Review of General Semantics, 320-323. Shaughnessy, M. F., & Mahan, V. (2002). An interview with Albert Ellis about rational emotive behavior therapy. North American Journal of Psychiatry, 4(3), 355-366. Skeen, J. W. (2002). Choice theory, virtue ethics, and the sixth need. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 21(1), 14-19. Wubbolding, R. E. (2005). The power of belonging. International Journal of Reality Therapy, 24(2), 43-44.

Aldo Leopold’s Land Ethic Essay

Aldo Leopold is considered to be one of the greatest philosophers of environmental ethics of all time. Scientist, forester, environmentalist, and professor at the University of Wisconsin, Leopold has influenced and shaped today’s environmental ethics. He impacted many environmentalists with his environmental ethics and emphasized the importance of biodiversity and ecology. Leopold’s most praised work is â€Å"Land Ethic† in A Sand County Almanac that he wrote. In this essay he emphasized the importance of conserving our environment and being part of it, instead of destroying it. In Aldo Leopold’s essay he wrote â€Å"land ethic changes the role of Homo sapiens from conqueror of the land-community to plain member and citizen of it. It implies respect for his fellow-members, and also respect for the community as such.† This means that us as humans and the top predator on Earth should take care of the environment and not destroy it by depleting on its resources. Leopold explains in his essay that everything in the environment depends on one another to survive and keep a healthy environment. Leopold experienced this first hand while he was a forest manager in Arizona and New Mexico; he believed that they should kill all the predators, wolves, to allow deer populations to grow. But as he analyzed it deeper he began to see the healthy balance the ecosystem had. Instead of us humans acting like the top predator or conqueror of the earth, we should consider ourselves as just another member of the ecosystem that cannot survive alone. We also depend on the other members of the ecosystem to survive and maintain a healthy environment. Aldo Leopold’s Land Ethic applies to my final paper topic on acid rain because we as humans consider ourselves to be the conqueror of this earth. We do lots of things that are harming our environment and acid rain is just one of the many effects humans have on our environment. Acid rain happens because there are excessive amounts of CO2 in the atmosphere, and the reason why there is lots of CO2 in the atmosphere is because we produce it by burning fossil fuels for energy. For example driving your car and powering your home. All this CO2 in the atmosphere causes acid rain. Not only does acid rain impact us but it also impacts the environment. It lowers the pH level in lakes, killing many species of fish, loosing biodiversity and can cause the extinction of various species. By killing different species of fish, we are not respecting our land ethics because we are not caring for the other members of the environment and we need those members to maintain a healthy ecosystem. Land Ethic means respect for another member of the environment and for the community; we humans do not have the right to wipe out other species because we are the top predators. We must have respect for the all of the members in the environment and community to properly maintain a healthy and well balanced ecosystem.

Gender Equality In Education

All over the world, education is not only acknowledged to benefit individuals but as well recognized to promote national development. Education expands the life choices and opportunity for both boys and girls; nevertheless, approximately 60 million girls continue to be out of school (â€Å"Gender Equality in Education†). Several government and non-government organization have been continually working to eliminate the disparity between boys and girls by identifying gender-related barriers, evaluating the extent of education disadvantage that the latter confront, and implementing systems to overcome and remove the aforesaid impediments.Basically, ensuring gender equality in education suggests that boys and girls have equal opportunities to enroll and access school, as well as to benefit from, and participate in the array of subjects or other learning practices presented in schools and classrooms. Effective Strategies for Equality In Education An effective approach for educating boys and girls requires incorporating attention to enrollment and admission, in addition to achievement and excellence.Through gender-sensitive teaching-learning methods, learning materials, and curricula, boys and girls in the same way become prepared with the attitudes and life skills needed to achieve their definitive skill, within and beyond the educational system, irrespective of their sex (â€Å"Promoting Gender Equality in Education† 2). Unfortunately, in developing countries, girls generally come up against textbooks, teaching practices, and other school materials that endorse gender stereotypes that are disadvantageous to their educational success.In addition, unsafe school environment creates difficulties to the completion of education, more especially to girls. Keeping girls in schools necessitates donors, policymakers, educators, community members, and parents to look further than enrollment and deal with bigger, related issues. For instance, poor families normall y have to choose between educating their daughters or sons, and more often than not parents routinely prefer to educate their sons.Evidently, decisions are normally not be anchored in the natural skills, aptitudes, or the enthusiasm levels of their children. However, the prearranged gender responsibilities may not automatically benefit boys either, and may even be detrimental to them. Young age boys may experience a profound responsibility to academically perform in order to meet their families’ expectations to be successful. Consequences of Gender Equality In EducationExceptionally numerous children, particularly those form poor families and living in remote or rural areas, constantly needs quality learning opportunities, such as access to a sheltered, nearby school. Child soldiers, trafficked children, orphaned children, displaced children, refugee children, street children, indigenous children, working children, as well as those who are living in conflict areas, and physic ally challenged are not receiving an adequate education (â€Å"Education From A Gender Equality Perspective† 6).Even more unfortunate, being female aggravates an already problematical situation. In many developing countries, girls are less encouraged than boys to stay in school, enroll in school, or less expected to have their educational requirements provided using non-formal approaches (â€Å"Education From A Gender Equality Perspective† 6). Evidently, the most excellent, available development investment is not being totally exploited by these nations. Educating girls takes in significant outcomes.Educating girls to a certain extent generates a higher rate of return than any other investment presented in the developing world. When girls are provided with access to a rights-based, quality education, they have a tendency to postpone marriage, boast healthier and fewer children, and throw in more to nation productivity and family income (â€Å"Education From A Gender E quality Perspective† 6). Whether consideration is focused on primary or secondary education, providing and ensuring access to high quality education is essential if nations are to realize their development objectives.Developing countries that fall short of guaranteeing impartial access to basic education are, as a result, affected by distressing consequences, such as the increase in fertility and increase costs, poverty, malnutrition, and child mortality. Worldwide Status of Gender Inequality In Education According to the visionary educator Dr. Kwegyir Aggrey, â€Å"Educating the men and neglecting the women is the most certain approach to keep a population down† (â€Å"Girl Power: Educating Girls in the 21st Century† n. p. ).Accordingly, a nation basically educates a person if it educates a man; however, a nation educates a family if it educates a woman. The good news these days, however, is that over recent decades a record numbers of girls have swarmed into sc hool. Girls have closed the gender gap with boys, and prevailed over considerable development, social, and economic gains for their communities as well as for themselves. In poor countries, in general, girls’ primary school enrollments in 1990 to 2004 soared from 87 percent to 94 percent; with more girls today in secondary school than in any documented period in history (Mercy and Fort).Nevertheless, despite the fact that inequalities in the enrolment rates in primary and secondary education have decreased, they have not been eradicated up until now. At present, more than two-thirds of the estimated 860 million uneducated persons around the world are women (â€Å"Decent childhoods: Educate both girls and boys†). Conclusion Education is a basic human right, and children regardless of sex, color, nationality and religion are entitled to it. Education is significant to the development of people and societies, as it helps bring about a productive and successful future.For the millions of illiterate children, admission to education is the pathway to an improved life. Moreover, educating girls leads the way for more extensive changes in the work places, societies and families. When governments guarantee access to a rights-based, quality education that is founded on gender equality to their young citizens, it generates a wave effect of benefits that clearly affect future generations. Works Cited â€Å"Decent childhoods: Educate both girls and boys. † June 2008.International Labour Organization. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Education From A Gender Equality Perspective. † May 2008. USAID. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Gender Equality in Education. † 20 April 2009. USAID. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Girl Power: Educating Girls in the 21st Century. † 5 March 2009.The World Bank. 4 March 2009 . â€Å"Promoting Gender Equality in Education. † n. d. United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization. 4 March 2009 . Tembon, Mercy, and L ucia Fort. n. d. â€Å"Girl’s Education in the 21st Century. † The World Bank. 4 March 2009

Red Drum essays

Red Drum essays THE IMPORTANCE OF RED DRUM ON THE TEXAS COAST The red drum is an important part of Texas coast. It faces many challenges to survive without the help of man. It has an interesting life cycle, which in itself limits the number of red drum who survive within the first week after hatching. In the 1970s, the red drum was almost faced with extinction. Many causes can be attributed to the decrease in numbers, the biggest factor being human interaction. Laws and regulations were passed to help the red drum maintain its numbers and the hatcheries have done a fine job in restoring the natural stock. Today, Texas has some of the best hatcheries in the United States (Colura 1990), which not only help numbers of the red drum population, but also inform the public of the importance of caring for natural resources. The restocking effort has done a lot to give the red drum an advantage, but the size and bag limits help keep red drum numbers high. With all the red drum offers anglers, it is not a surprise that it is one of the most coveted fish along the coast. Anglers spend lots of time and money in the search for a red drum. That commitment and interest translates into money for the government and into private industry. There is not a worthier program to continue then the Texas State Hatchery Program. The red drum (Sciaenops Ocellatus) is a marine fish that is characterized by its color and body markings. (Matlock 1984) The most distinct marking is a black spot on the upper half of the tail.(see figure 1) Most red drum have at least one spot and very often two or more, but it is very rare to find a red drum that does not have any spots at all. The body color ranges from a dark blackish, coppery color to a silvery color. Normally, the topside of the fish is reddish-brown and the underside is silvery or white. Their tail is fairly square in shape and is similar in color to the back. Red drum have blunt noses and downward ...

Top 5 jobs that pay a lot more than you think

Top 5 jobs that pay a lot more than you think We’ve all had one of those moments where you look at someone and think, â€Å"That guy makes how much for that job? Crazy.† There are actually a lot of jobs out there that pay more than you might expect, based on the level of experience necessary to do the job or simply stereotypes about what we think certain roles are worth. Let’s look at some of the most unexpected-salaried jobs out there. Dental HygienistDental hygienists are often the unsung heroes of the dental world- after all, they’re usually the ones who have to listen to all the excuses about why you didn’t floss, or who hear the fibs about how much you did floss (Be honest!). But because it’s often a supporting role and doesn’t require a four-year degree to get started, you might be surprised at the salary. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, dental hygienists make a median annual salary of $74,070. (And given what they do to keep our teeth healthy and sparkling , they deserve every penny!)What they do: Dental hygienists clean teeth, perform dental exams, provide preventative dental care, assist dentists with procedures, and educate patients about follow-up care and dental health.What you’ll need: An associate’s degree in dental hygiene, which typically takes 2-3 years to complete. Some states also require additional licensing for dental hygienists, so be sure to check on your own state’s requirements.Elevator Repairer/MechanicThere are some repair jobs on which you can cut corners, and no one really notices. Elevator repair is not one of them. It’s a high-stakes mechanical job, so although it’s a career that can usually be started with a high school diploma and an apprenticeship or on-the-job training, it’s one that commands a high salary because it requires a high level of skill and attention to detail. In fact, elevator repairers make only a few thousand dollars per year less than the mechanical engineers who design the elevators themselves. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, elevator repairers make a median annual salary of $79,480- and demand is expected to grow faster than average over the next 10 years.What they do: Elevator repairers or mechanics are responsible for installing and repairing elevators, escalators, moving walkways, and other people movers, as well as ensuring safety.What you’ll need: A high school diploma or equivalent, plus an apprenticeship. You’ll also need strong mechanical savvy, and the ability to work in cramped quarters.Flight AttendantWith perks like free travel, you might think that working as a flight attendant might be one of those jobs where the perks make up for a not-super-high salary. But if you’re interested in the jet-setting life and want a solid median salary, you should consider becoming a flight attendant. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, flight attendants make a median annual sal ary of $50,500, with demand expected to grow faster than average over the next 10 years. Flight attendants who work for private or charter companies can also make more than that.What they do: Flight attendants manage airline passenger needs, safety, and comfort from (literally) Point A to Point B. In an emergency, they’re also first responders, assisting customers with any kind of crisis that happens in flight.What you’ll need: A high school diploma or equivalent, with significant on-the-job training provided by the airline. A good flight attendant also has stellar customer service skills (and the patience/good bedside manner to go with it).Technical WriterIt may not be the Great American Novel, but you see the work of technical writers everywhere: the instructions you get with your new assemble-it-yourself furniture, those tutorial PDFs on a company’s website, journal articles taking complex scientific or technical subjects and translating them for a wider audi ence. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, technical writers make a median annual salary of $70,930 (or $34.10 per hour), with demand expected to grow faster than average over the next 10 years. It’s also a versatile field, with technical writing positions open in a variety of industries (tech, healthcare, manufacturing, etc.).What they do: Technical writers prepare instruction manuals, how-to guides, or other supporting documentation to help guide customers or readers through a technical process. They translate complicated tasks for information for a particular audience. Technical writers may work full-time, or freelance.What you’ll need: A bachelor’s degree, helped by expertise in a technical subject like computer science, engineering, or web design.Theatrical Makeup ArtistGot a flair for the dramatic, but don’t have any interest in being onstage? Be the star backstage, and consider becoming a makeup artist. Makeup artists who specialize in theater, media, movie, TV, or other performance often make significantly more than their cosmetologist peers. According to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics, theatrical/performance makeup artists make a median annual salary of $69,310, with the 90th percentile making $127,030.What they do: Theatrical makeup artists create makeup looks to suit a particular production or performance design.What you’ll need: A high school diploma or equivalent, plus training in cosmetology. A background in theater or drama is also helpful, as is artistic creativity.If you’re looking for a job that carries a strong paycheck but falls outside the stereotypical â€Å"high-paid† spectrum, any of these jobs would be a great start.

Examining the influence of culture on KFC in Chinese market Essay

Examining the influence of culture on KFC in Chinese market - Essay Example Qualitative research method is employed for accomplishing the research. Hence, questionnaires will be prepared based on the research questions (Flower, 2009). In order to obtain accurate results from the questionnaire analysis, the researcher has applied random sampling. The variables that are used in the questionnaire apply Likert scale, measuring from strongly disagrees to agree. Likert scale helps in deciphering the exact reaction of the respondents other than obtaining responses in just Yes and No (Bryman and Crame, 2011). This also assists in examining the strong opinion of the respondents regarding the questions. The respondents of the questionnaire are customers of KFC in China. They will give their opinion based on observation and satisfaction with the food and services that are experienced in the KFC restaurants in China. All the respondents of KFC are above 18 years, who are frequent visitors at KFC. The responses are significant so as to evaluate whether KFC is able to provide them foods and services that are according to their culture in the business. Their experience with the food products and service will encourage them to give rates to the quality. In order to maintain good relation with KFC, the researcher has taken approval from the fast food giant regarding the variables that are used for measuring the quality of services and food products. The variables are also approved by the culture study experts and practitioners so as to ensure validity of the research area in the real world. Qualitative research method is employed for accomplishing the main aim of the research. The qualitative research helps in comparing the data in cross section. It also provides information regarding the perception of the individual respondents of the survey. The qualitative research also helps in examining the responses, which aims at describing the local condition (Hennink, and Bailey, 2011). The focus group

Research and informatics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Research and informatics - Essay Example The patient safety technology is transforming the way nurses deliver their care services. The devices are more accurate and less prone to errors that are inherent to human beings. The accuracy guarantees patient safety during medical procedures and treatment (Trossman, 2013). Technology can meet the safety standards set by the institute of medicine, by eliminating errors that are inherent to humans. The concept of â€Å"to err is human† is widely used in medical fields to justify human errors. The concept has multiple weaknesses. It allows health providers to act negligently without any legal implications. In extreme cases, human errors result in the deaths of patients and permanent disability. Use of technology eliminates these errors, increases efficiency and accuracy in medical procedures especially surgical procedures. Evidence shows that technology saves the lives of patients in ways that human efforts alone cannot do (Kleib, Shabe & Allen, 2012). For example, before adoption of extensive application of technology, health providers relied on their senses to detect changes and monitor status of a patient. Use of their senses such as smell, touch, hearing and sight was very subjective and prone to errors. Later on, accurate technology to detect a patient’s physical changes developed (Mitchell, 2011). Policies/guidelines/best practice for patient safety technology and nursing care advocate for building a safer health system by eliminating human errors. The concept of â€Å"to err is human† defines the challenges that hinder improvement of safety in the health care sector. However, technology eliminates these human limitations and develops a new best practice that builds a safe health system. The new system is more accurate, precise, efficient and secure because technology is less prone to errors than people (Thede & Linda, 2012). Another guideline aims at keeping patients safe by transforming the work environment for nurses. The guideline focuses