The Love Suicides Free Essays

In The Love Suicides, Ritter by Classmate Anemones and considered to be a masterpiece, many complications arise In this romantic and dramatic tragedy that demonstrates a most complex look at love. In this essay, I will delve Into the symbolism of the work, the significances of the characters’ actions, the cultural differences from those that I am accustomed, and my viewpoint of the fatal ending. The Love Suicides is set in a Snakeskin, Japan tea house in 1720 and is a great favorite of the Japanese stage. We will write a custom essay sample on The Love Suicides or any similar topic only for you Order Now It tells the calamitous story of Jessie, a paper merchant and his lover, Koura, a prostitute. This story Is about the moral and social code ender which the townsmen lived at the time, with the status of merchants being lower than that of the samurai class. Even though considered to be a lower class, the townsmen had developed a firm ethical code whereby in order for your business to prosper, your financial and personal obligations had to be met first. Jessie is married to his cousin, San, and is tormented by his sense of duty to his family and tormented by his love for Koura. The story opens with Koura secretly meeting a â€Å"samurai customer,† while dodging Ethel. A wealthy man who Is attempting to buy her contract and take her as his own. Koura does not like Tahiti and wants no part of him. In trying to understand Tahiti, I can only imagine that he feels. Tahiti is a rich guy who loves this woman but she in love with another man who happens to be married and the father of two children. The â€Å"samurai customer† walks in wearing a wicker hat concealing his face. The samurai Is actually Jewel’s brother, Magneto, a flour merchant, who has come Into the tea house to meet Koura. However, Ethel believes him to be Jell, whom he despises and begins to speak negatively about him attempting to defame him and ruin his reputation in the eyes of Koura. Tahiti continues to rant about Sissies occupation as a paper merchant, putting him down incessantly. The â€Å"samurai waited patiently for his turn with Koura, and finally Tahiti left, but left her depressed and In deep thought about her love, Jill. This only makes the â€Å"samurai† even angrier because after being very irritated at all of the commotion Ethel had made, he soul Is not getting any service as a guest of the establishment. The â€Å"samurai† is getting angry with Koura for neglecting him, and she begins to tell him that she’s been afraid of dying ever since Jessie asked her to omit a love suicide. Unbeknownst to Koura,Jessie is outside eavesdropping, having gone to visit her after hearing that she was meeting a samurai costumer. Jessie has been with Koura for almost two years and everyone knows it. He begins to wonder If the two years had been a lie. Jell Is so Infuriated at this point that he tries house. In an effort to defend Koura, the â€Å"samurai† grabs hold of the Sissies hand through the latticework and ties him up. Tahiti returns and sees Jessie tied up outside the window and seizes his opportunity to beat him up, while calling him a thief trying to rob the place. The samurai comes to Sissies defense and starts assaulting Tahiti, causing him to run away. It was then that the samurai revealed himself to be Sissies brother. Magneto begins to pour his heart out to his brother, telling him how his affair with Koura has Just about destroyed his family and tarnished his own reputation. Jessie understands and tells his brother that he is ending his relationship with Koura, wanting to destroy all of the love letters that were exchanged between himself and Koura. Magneto takes all of them and finds a note from San, Sissies wife, addressed to Koura. What are the limits of love? In this story so far, boundaries have been pushed and emotions have run high. Sissies brother is clearly there out of love for his family and for his brother. When the reputation of your family and your own is at risk then this is the point where a serious decision has to be made on what your future actions will be. San actually starts to feel sorry for Koura and the situation the she is in, loving a married man (her husband) and has a contract on her by someone who she doesn’t love. San wants Jessie to go and save Koura from committing suicide. She wants him to pay the ransom to get her out of the contract. Jessie tells San that the price is very high so San gets half of the money and tells Jessie to pawn all of the family fine garments to make up the other half. These family garments are the nicest and most valuable items at the time to own. These are thick silk and patterned clothing that have been passed down through the generations. Why does San care that much about a woman that is sleeping with her husband? These are the cultural difference that have made this one of the best stories and is still in books today. When Son’s father, Agamemnon hears that San was willing to ell the family garments to save her husband’s mistress, he forbids it and demands that Jessie divorces his daughter and takes San away. In the meantime Magneto is running around looking everywhere for his brother. Jessie hides from Magneto, watching and listening sadly to his brother’s anguish and pain. Jessie sneaks back to the tea house and gets Koura and they take off to Maxima, knowing that their lives would end soon and decide that they will die at the Adagio Temple, the perfect place for their love suicide. Jessie and Shark’s decision to kill themselves is quite stubbing to me. The thought of committing suicide in the western word is extremely taboo. In many eastern societies, it is considered an honorable way to die. I believe suicide to be a cowardly act. Jessie isn’t thinking about his wife or his children, only himself. Jessie tells Koura that he has divorced San, but still out of respect for her they will not to die together, saving San the shame of how it will look. At dawn, the fateful couple prepare for death. Jessie stabs and kills Koura with a knife and then hangs himself by Jumping off a sluice gate with a noose around his neck. They die in the belief that they would share the next life together in happiness. A teaching of Buddha is that those who commit suicide for love will be together in the next life to come. As for me, this is a story of impulsiveness, heightened emotions, and human frailties. Jessie was torn between two opposing worlds, one of duty and the It is true that love is a most powerful emotion and can make some people commit some of the most irrational, unfathomable, illogical, incomprehensible, hopeless, desperate and deadly acts imaginable. In the case of Jessie and Koura, they did it for love. How to cite The Love Suicides, Papers

Contemporary Educational Ethics Issue †Complete Solution

Question: Prepare a 3 page paper in which you research a contemporary educational ethical issue where your personal beliefs and values may conflict with legal and societal expectations. The contemporary issue should involve widely accepted moral and ethical values that come in conflict with legal requirements and societal thought. Summarize the situation, present the legal stance, and assert what you believe the societal stance to be. Outline the expected consequences and benefits based on the accepted value systems. As an educational leader, if this issue arose in your institution, what course of action would you take? Would that course of action be based on your personal values or ethical decision-making? How would you sell your ideas to other leaders, parents, students, and the community? If your ideas were not accepted, what would your fallback position be, if you had one? Answer: Introduction This report introduces a research on the contemporary educational, ethical issue regarding reservation in the Australian universities. It summarises the situation with the expected benefits and consequences that are based on the value systems. If the issue takes place in an educational institution, then the probable actions to be taken have also been elaborated. Discussion Summarization of the situation The universities in Australia have initiated reservation system for the backwards tribal people who are treated as the minority in the country (Ro.ecu.edu.au, 2016). A certain number of reserved seats has created a situation where suitable candidates of the normal category are not able to take admission. It has therefore created a mental dissatisfaction in the normal students' mind that though they have secured good marks in the last examination, they have passed, they are not able to get through (dickinson.edu, 2016). Undoubtedly, it is an ethical issue created by the education houses. Presentation of the legal stance The jurisdiction of Australia has approved the initiatives taken by the universities. As a result, if the nominal number of the minorities take admission in the universities then a certain number of seats remain empty which can not be fulfilled by the qualified candidates of the normal category (Iie.org, 2016). The government of Australia has taken the steps to protect the educational progress of the minorities, which has created an ethical issue for the normal regarding the unavailability of seats. Assertion of the belief regarding social stance As per the current situation, it can be expected from the society that they will take a stand against the jurisdiction of the nation for the restoration of the facilities of the general people. It can be believed that the common people will make processions showing their disrespect towards the existing system (theconversation.com, 2012). They will communicate their message through the opponent party in the parliament house where a bill will be passed for initialization of flexibility regarding admission. Expected consequences and benefits based on the accepted value systems The expected consequences are as follows, There will be a major clash between the major and the minority communities regarding the change of the rules. If the value systems are accepted then, it can remove the existing government who are in the favour of strict reservations (edwiseinternational.com, 2016). Rules and regulations will be modified for the general people. The benefits of the accepted value systems are as follows, There will be flexibility in the system of admission in the universities. If seats reserved for the minority remain vacant due to unavailability of the minor students, it will be fulfilled by a suitable general student (unesdoc.unesco.org, 2016). The modified system will create a good morale among the general as they will have a feeling of a sense of justice from their government. There will be an encouragement of taking more admissions in the universities for education, which will lead to enhancement of the literacy level. Course of action to be taken If such issue regarding reservation arises in our educational institution, the steps to be taken are, Immediate removal of the reservation system (edwiseinternational.com, 2016) Setting the same eligibility criteria for all the candidates either be general or tribal. Course of action that is based on personal values or ethical decisions If a tribal student excels well in the academics but is not able to carry on due to the financial crisis, then a monetary concession will be given to him for further studies as an emergency support (theconversation.com, 2012). Regular campaigning will be done for avoiding racial discrimination among the students for reduction of communal hatred. Selling the ideas to other leaders, parents, students and community The ideas are built on the concepts of values and ethics. It should be communicated to leaders, parents, students and the community through conduction of seminars and workshops in the schools, colleges and the universities (Iie.org, 2016). The ideas can also be communicated through newspaper and Internet ads and social networking site, which will reach most of the target audience. Fallback position in case of rejection of ideas If the ideas are rejected then, it will symbolise that majority of the nation are in support of the existing system of the reservation or they have some other opinion. In case, the position will be to look for another alternative for changing the system (Dickinson.edu, 2016). Providing other facilities to the general candidates such as scholarship can add up value. Course of action to be taken in case of global organization's leader If the institution is a global organization, general students will be given more monetary scholarship along with further study facilities in the colleges in other nations under the affiliation of the main institution in Australia (Ro.ecu.edu.au, 2016). Such changes are required on the essential basis if a change in administration in Australia is not at all possible. References Codes of Ethics in Australian Education. (2016).Ro.ecu.edu.au. Retrieved 18 May 2016, from https://ro.ecu.edu.au/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1825context=ajte Edwise International Overseas Education Consultent. (2016).Edwiseinternational.com. Retrieved 18 May 2016, from https://www.edwiseinternational.com/about/introduction.asp Global Education Research Reports | Institute of International Education. (2016).Iie.org. Retrieved 18 May 2016, from https://www.iie.org/Research-and-Publications/Research-Projects/Global-Education-Research-Reports Global Education. (2016).dickinson.edu. Retrieved 18 May 2016, from https://www.dickinson.edu/download/downloads/id/1571/global_education.pdf Student affairs and services. (2016).unesdoc.unesco.org. Retrieved 18 May 2016, from https://unesdoc.unesco.org/images/0018/001832/183221e.pdf Universities Australia criticises manufacturing taskforce. (2012).The Conversation. Retrieved 18 May 2016, from https://theconversation.com/universities-australia-criticises-manufacturing-taskforce-8918

The Role of the Administrator in Teacher Retention free essay sample

The school is a social institution that provides individuals with educational services that keep pace with the continuation and development of life and supports the march of the human society and achieve individuals psychological satisfaction and honest work. The school is a social matter that concerns everyone, community leaders, parents, teachers. . The school administration means that every organized activity aims to achieve the desired educational goals of the school, which is not an end in itself, but is a means to achieve the objectives of the educational process and the school administration aims to organize the school and establish the movement of work on the basis of enabling them to achieve its mission in education The school principal is responsible for coordinating and organizing the efforts in order to reach the educational goals set by the planners and officials in the educational administration The successful school is the one whose administrators believe in the import ance of team work and spreading the culture of one team, The skills of working within the team with the teachers, in order to increase their contribution to the work and their participation in the decision, and this will bring many benefits to the school, teachers, students and the community as a whole. We will write a custom essay sample on The Role of the Administrator in Teacher Retention or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The advantages of adopting the method of work teams in the educational administration include: Schools are closer and closer to society instead of moving away Provide opportunities for managers to learn new skills by working directly with others Increase managers sense of responsibility as they work, plan with teachers, and create a high sense of the importance of meeting the needs of individuals in and out of school. Improve communication within and outside the school. Perform the work within the school in an atmosphere of collective and freedom, a sense of security and tranquility, away from individual competition. Improve the level of educational service provided to students through collective educational decisions, and committed by teachers lead to better results. Achieve professional growth for all employees in the educational administration, as a result of their multiple responsibilities.

Secularization Essay Example

Secularization Essay Example Secularization Essay Secularization Essay It was Voltaire who said, If God did non be, it would be necessary to contrive him . Our theory agrees. ( Stark and Bainbridge 1987, page 23 ) . These words uttered by Stark and Bainbridge back in 1987 offer a glance into the longstanding and heated debated between the antecedently dominant, the Secularization Thesis and the finishing Supply Side Theory, in academic sociology. Both theories have profound deductions for the hereafter of faith as a force in society. This essay will look at two articles published in the Sociology of Religion. First, this essay will look at the two finishing theories of the Secularization Thesis and the Supply Side. Second, a sum-up of the chief points of Starks article entitled Secularization: RIP in 1999, and Bruce s 2001 response article entitled Christianity in Britain: RIP will be presented. Looking critically at both articles, this essay will reason that Stark has won the argument for this around. The secularisation thesis day of the months from when the theory of development was at the high of its influence. The theory in its modern conjuration comes from the work of British sociologist Bruan Wilson in the sixtiess. This double thesis was based on the observation that since the Gallic and industrial revolutions in Europe in the 19th and 20 centuries have lead to a diminution in religionism. First, this theory used Modernity as an account for the issue of Christianity from the universe. Secondary, this theory, would hold the same effects on all types of societies. It saw the extinction of faith from an enlightened universe. On the other manus, Supply Side Theory came to dispute the secularisation theory in the 1980 s. This theory aims to explicate religionism. Advocates believe that there is a changeless possible human demand for spiritual goods over clip and between societies. They believe that as the supply of these goods fluctuates, these fluctuations explain the different degrees of spiritual energies in different societies. Basically, the greater the spiritual diverseness of a society, the better the spiritual energy in that society. As antecedently noted the secularisation thesis theory has come under aggressive onslaught. Rodney Stark, so learning at the University of Washington in 1999 published his article Secularization, R.I.P. in the Sociology of Religion diary. In this article, Stark clearly argues that the Secularisation theoy, is out-dated, antique and, as the rubric of his article high spots, the theory is dead and should be left to rest in peace Stark begins his article by observing, [ f ] or about three centuries, societal scientists and miscellaneous western intellectuals have been assuring the terminal of religion . Stark makes five major claims about the thesis. First, harmonizing to Stark, Modernity and modernization is seen by theoreticians to be the cause of secularisation. He notes that modernization is a long, gradual, comparatively stable process , and that if secularisation is the consequence of modernization, there will be a corresponding long-term, gradual, and comparatively changeless tendency of spiritual decline . Second, to Stark, the focal point of the anticipations is on single piousness, particularly belief, non institutional distinction. He believes that some protagonists of the secularisation thesis have changed their focal point and definition so they do non hold to acknowledge that their thesis is failed. In fact, Stark agrees faith establishments have less power and that spiritual ritual and symbols have become less common in public life. Starks 3rd statement is that in all versions of the thesis the claim that of all facets of modernisation, it is scientific discipline that has the most deathly deductions for religion . Fourthly, Secularization is irreversible. Nevertheless, Stark disagrees with this by observing Andree Greeley s 1994 remark that after 70 old ages of Soviet Union activist attempts to accomplish secularization St. Vladimir has routed Karl Marx . Finally, Stark notes that the thesis applies globally. While the theoreticians have largely focuses on Christianity, belief in supernatural powers is traveling to decease out all over the universe. Allah and Jehovah will both fall in each other as an interesting historical memory . Secularization, R.I.P. , so gets into particulars. To Stark the secularisation thesis has failed to be an accurate anticipation due to six chief grounds. First, it is a myth that there has been a diminution in spiritual belief and engagement because there has been no incontrovertible long-run diminution in European spiritual participation and in Europe levels of subjective devoutness remain high. Next, he argues that there has neer been an Age of Faith . To Stark most Europeans did non go to church during the in-between Ages and during the Renaissance. In fact, he highlights that many clergy were unqualified and that clergy were frequently absent from their parishes. In add-on, while there were periodic detonations of mass spiritual enthusiasm , this offers even stronger grounds against engagement in organized faith. As a consequence, it can be said spiritual engagement sometimes rises and sometimes diminutions. Third, he argues that neer was Europe truly Christianized. Stark believe s that although early Christianity was a mass societal motion in a extremely competitory environment, it lost its energy after it became the official faith of the Roman Empire. After Emperor Constantine converted to Christianity, there was neer an effort to change over the general population of Europe. This ties in to his 4th statement. Stark notes that while some theoreticians confirm there was no Age of Faith, to them people still had high degrees of spiritual belief, even if they did non travel to church. Stark believes, utilizing secular Iceland as an illustration, this still applies today, observing that while Iceland merely has 2 per centum church attending, merely 2.4 per centum of the state are atheists. Fifthly, if secularisation is to demo up anyplace it must demo up among scientists . However, Stark discovers that many scientists report being spiritual. Evidence that there is a struggle between faith and scientific discipline is largely fictional, and scientists are non notably irreligious . Finally, Stark ends his harangue about the fails of the Secularization theory by saying that grounds from Eastern Europe, Muslim states and practicians of Asiatic folk faiths that modernness is compatible with faith. In 2001, Steven Bruce, Professor of Sociology at the University of Aberdeen, responded to Stark, with the suitably titled Christianity in Britain, R.I.P. . Bruce disagrees with Starks hypothesis that the secularization is merely a myth, based upon undervaluing the spiritual verve of the of the universe today. Furthermore, Stark argued that this myth besides exaggerated the religionism of the past age of religion. In order to rebut Starks claims, Bruce uses Britain as an illustration. First, Bruce looks back at pre-industrial Britain. While cognition of faith and its orthodoxy may hold been limited, in order for there to be no aureate age of religion we would hold to be able accept nine sociologically implausible assumptions . These scope from inquiring if the most powerful national establishment had small or no impact upon the people. To why would people let such a big sum of the wealth of Britain go to this establishment which they did non back up. To Bruce, spiritual beliefs so wer e still far more permeant and influential than they are now. Following, Bruce looks at assorted indexs of the diminution of Christianity in Britain over the last 150 old ages. Today, most Christian communities are in diminution. Even if we merely look to appraise done in 1951, 1990, and 2000 there is a clear tendency of dramatic diminution. Bruce goes every bit far to notice that utilizing the long-run stable tendency of the diminution of Church rank and attending, it is possible to do a statistical projection that by the 2030s the chief Christian denominations will discontinue to be. ( Methodist ) . Bruce clearly believes that no sum of supply side revisionism will alter the fact that Christianity in Britain is in serious problem. Bruce so takes a critical expression at supply-side theories of faith, which argue that demand is changeless and that degrees of spiritual verve hence depend on the supply, which is greatest when there is a free and competitory market for suppliers. He asks that sing Christianity has ever valued corporate Acts of the Apostless of worship, and if there is a free market place for faith and no deficiency of deficit of Christian administrations. Surly this should be expressed in some manner. Bruce notes that while the New Age motion might look to show the being of widespread informal spiritual belief, possibly of an digesting demand for faith, his scrutiny of the extent, nature, and significance of that motion suggests otherwise, observing that they are numerically all but irrelevant . The ranks of these new administrations do non sufficiently do up for those lost from the more traditional denominations, which are in danger of dwindling past the demographic point of no return.

E-Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

E-Business - Essay Example store associates were equipped with extensive product training to assist customers on how to do things themselves while clinics were also conducted (Our history, n.d.). It expanded later to Canada, Mexico, China, Puerto Rico, the U.S. Virgin Islands and the territory of Guam with unprecedented speed (Our history, n.d.) that total more than 2,200 retail outlets (Corporate, n.d.). It was listed in NASDAQ in 1981, New York Stock Exchange three years after (Our history, n.d.), and also traded at Dow Jones and Standard & Poor’s index (Corporate, n.d.). Its inventory of home improvement needs and materials consisted of around 40,000 and can order 250,000 products for customers (Stores, 2006). E-commerce encompasses the â€Å"buying, selling, transferring, or exchanging products, services, and/or information† through the computer and the internet (Turban et al., 2005, as cited in E-business, n.d. p. 3). E-business, a broader term that includes e-commerce, means purchase and sale of goods and services as well as â€Å"servicing customers, collaborating with business partners, conducting e-learning, and processing electronic transactions† (Turban et al., 2005, as cited in E-business, n.d. p. 3). E-commerce transactions are commonly conducted through the internet but may also be done over private interconnection (e.g. value-added networks, local area networks, wide area networks) (Turban et al., 2005, as cited in E-business, n.d. p. 3). The benefits of e-commerce include: a) online search allows consumers comparison for cheaper products, b) selection of more vendors and products, c) 24 hours-7 days a week shopping from any location, d) quick access to necessary detailed data, e) allows users to avail of custom-made products at lower prices, f) enables persons to make a living or earn a degree at home, g) allows electronic auctions that provides advantage to both vendors and buyers, and h) interact and communicate with other consumers for exchange of experiences and views

Cause & Effect of Sept. 11th Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Cause & Effect of Sept. 11th - Essay Example The social effect is captured by the way the catastrophe altered the American people’s perception, behavior and interaction towards Muslims living within and outside the country. The political effect is manifested by the labeling of certain states as the axis of evil and the American-led invasions of Iraq and Afghanistan. The economic effect can be seen from the increased use of resources to secure production, distribution, finance, and communication at the expense of national productivity. What caused the September 11 attacks? In retrospect the big question still is: what led to 9/11 in the first place? There is no clear answer to this question; however, numerous conjectures have been raised. Even the US government’s 9/11 commission failed to provide clarity on the real causes of September 11. The commission only gave an unqualified response on who was responsible for the heinous act. There is not a single event in modern times that has elicited as many explanations as this tragedy. According to Bergen (2006) the theories on the causes of the September 11 attacks could be categorized into three: (1) the outright absurd, which state that the attacks were orchestrated by the US government; (2) the believable but flawed that argue that the attacks were done as a response to foreign occupation in the Arab lands; and (3) the credible, which postulates that September 11 was simply a collateral damage resulting from a clash within Islam. The al Qaeda angle In its findings, the US 9/11 commission concluded that the al Qaeda was solely responsible for the terrorist attacks. Osama Bin Laden was at war unambiguously with the United States. Levingston (2010) argued that this was the case because Osama was irked by the multiple engagements of the US in the Arab lands and its unequivocal support for Israel. This theory fits the second categorization of Bergen (2006); the-believable-but-flawed argument. At this juncture, it is important to note that Osama ’s critique towards America had never been cultural. Osama was not fighting Western culture; his was a personal war against the US. Bergen (2006) stated that Bin Laden was astute enough to know that he could not wage an all-out battle against the world’s sole superpower. He therefore craftily embodied his vision inside al Qaeda and attracted similar disgruntled Islamists whom he managed to convince that America was the enemy. Osama saw terrorism as the only achievable mode of operation to wage war against the US. This argument is believable but flawed because it fails to provide sufficient reasons as to why an individual in the Middle East would be so obsessed with waging a war against the US. Western interference The second plausible root cause of al Qaeda’s attack was perpetual Western interference in the oil-rich Persian Gulf. This interference can be traced back to colonization of Arab states by France and Britain, the creation and unequivocal support for the Jewish state – Israel, and currently American hegemony that is exemplified by acts such as the Gulf War in 1990. Western interference is a broader cause than Osama’s war in that it does not merely point the finger at one Western state – America – but at the entire Western world. The heart of this argument on Western interference is that the West has slowly and steadily been eroding the Arab culture by permeating Western ideologies in the Persian

Neo-Liberals versus Social Democrats in Security and Tax

Neo-Liberals versus Social Democrats in Security and Tax What are the different views of neo-liberals versus social  democrats with regards to social security and taxation? One of the most important features of democracy, that allows it to be such a successful form of government is the diversity of political stances. Social democracy is a political ideology that supports both economic and social interventions. Neo-liberalism however offers juxtaposing economic liberalization policies such as privatization and reduced government spending. Social security and taxation have always been a large topic of discussion, I look to explore the contrasting views held by these two ideologies focussing on the effect that has on the population in UK history. Neo-liberalism has only been around for about thirty years, liberalism refers to economic and political ideas based on the political economy of Adam Smith and neo means a new form of liberalism. Neo-liberalism is associated with laissez faire economics which follows the beliefs that the world is a self-regulating system and there is no need for the involvement of government. Government involvement, according to this economic theory, would include any type of regulation, minimum wage, taxation, or oversight. Laissez-faire economists see taxation on companies as a penalty for production. (Investopedia.com, 2003) The popularity of neoliberalism is arguable but was used in many economic policies adopted in the UK and US by political leaders such as Margaret Thatcher and Ronald Raegan in the 1980s. Their main aim is for the market to become dominant as it increases the general performance of the business which puts more money into that countries economy and reduces the role of the state. When public companies become private the general public can buy shares which creates a positive incentive and makes the general public money. In the UK, the shares rocketed in value as soon as they were issued, giving these new shareholders an instant profit of anything between 20% (British Gas) and 85% (British Telecom). (veronica, 2015) With this being the focal point of the policy, it is clear to see that neo-liberalism accentuates economic climb as opposed to social justice. It is argued that this leads to an increase in inequality as the government were selling state assets, which were owned by everyone to a wealthier subset of people which in turn increases the gap between the rich and the poor. (veronica, 2015b) The neoliberal practice of giving public wealth to a small wealthy elitist privatized group, approving tax cuts for the rich and reducing wages for the less fortunate majority is why neo-liberalism is such a controversial political stance. Social democracy was the main political standing held by the public and the government in the UK after the world wars. It supports social and economic interventions, a political movement advocating a gradual and peaceful transition from capitalism to socialism by democratic means. (Merriam-Webster, 2017) William Beveridge is one of the most influential people is social democratic history, his belief in the community and that the well-off should support those in society who are in need and less able started the creation of the welfare state. Social democratic political standing has a far-left ideology, they believe in democratic government and individual freedoms. They highlight the need for the protection of the poor and minority groups, support trade unions, free education and strive for gender equality. Social democrats believe in rewarding talent and hard work rather than privilege which is beneficial as it doesnt waste the talent of individual citizens, which in turn encourages s ociety to become more integrated. In contrast to the beliefs of the neo-liberals, social democrats do not believe that the privatized market is positive asset to the government as its undemocratic. Companies are owned by very few wealthy individuals and as it is not self-regulated which can end in economic crisis with high levels of unemployment and unreasonable inflation which many people cant afford. The welfare state is a safety net for the flaws of free market, it aims to provide a level of social security for many people by redistributing the wealth of the market by taxation. (veronica, 2015c)    Taxation is the amount of money paid to the government by citizens and businesses that is then redistributed into the wider society. The main types of taxation in the UK is: income tax, national insurance, VAT and corporation tax. A tax system that takes a higher proportion of tax from the income of rich than poor is known as a progressive system. Under a regressive system, the poor pay a higher proportion of their income in taxes than the rich. Income taxation is a progressive system, while indirect taxes e.g. VAT tend to be regressive as poorer groups spend a higher proportion of their incomes on VAT. Where social democrats would implement the funding of taxation in systems such as healthcare services and the welfare state, neo-liberals have a very different set of standing views on taxation, seeing high tax as a negative thing for the economy. One of the main goals of many neo-liberals is to privatize public companies with the belief that if privatized, citizens will not have to p ay tax towards the company and only those who use it will have to pay (e.g. privatizing the railway in 1990) making the economy fairer. The idea that cutting taxes will leave room to stimulate economic growth however often leads to public services being exploited for profit, and redesigns systems to become more elitist, something social democracy aims to avoid. In both the UK and the US during the 1980s a political movement that neo-liberalists would view as innovative was implemented. In the US Ronald Raegan reduced the top income tax rates from 70% to 50% and then a 25% reduction in income tax for everyone, in the UK income tax was reduced to 25% for lower and 40% for higher earners. (Ferrara, 2011) Whilst the intent of Mrs Thatcher, a figurehead for neo-liberalism, during this movement was to minimalize the discouraging effect of high tax to those who work hard what transpired was a huge increase in the inequality of financial divide as income tax dropped VAT rose in order to res tore balance to funding, allowing easier purchase for wealthy citizens but not the poor. This is a prime example of how neo-liberalism aims to use taxation to give more responsibility to the individuals of the public by rolling back the state, but often leads to benefiting social and financial hierarchy. Neo liberals judge state intervention as problematic and strive for it to be minimised and conceive taxation to be a burden, often critiquing the high taxes put in place by social democrats. Margaret Thatcher famously said: The trouble with Socialism is that eventually you run out of other peoples money. (Mikkelson, 2014) Social democrats believe that the state has a responsibility of its own to look after the public who are lesser abled through the funding created by tax thus showing a clear difference in view. Social security is all forms of financial support provided by the state, it is an essential part of every government however other forms of social security can include aspects not paid by the state .e.g. sick pay. In the UK, the concept was introduced in the early 1900s. It is a system put in place to insuring against the risks of particular events in life, such as unemployment and short-term sickness, relieving poverty or low income, redistributing resources across peoples lifecycles, especially from working age to retirement, redistributing resources from the rich to the poor, compensating for some types of extra cost (such as children or disability) and providing financial support when traditional families break down. (Fox, 2016) Social democrats argue that social security and state intervention is vital to reduce inequalitys and combat social injustice, the belief they hold is every person is interdependent and we will all during our lifetimes pay taxes and receive some form of s ocial security benefits. Social democrats aim to put in place a universalised system of social benefits and security which means that all services are available to all citizens, this eradicates the need for means tested benefits which can be embarrassing and bureaucratic for those who are entitled to claim them; they believe that universal benefits are easier to administer and more effective. For social democrats, the low take up of means tested benefits is an important failing of the current social security system. In 1980, no means tested benefit had more than an 80% take up. (Limited, 2015) The main figure head for social security in the UK was Sir William Beveridge, his push for the creation of a universal and compulsory welfare state and social security system to eradicate inequality by creating a shared and orderly society. There are also many negatives about universal social security the main being the high cost which is the main reason the UK implements less of a universal s ystem today. Neo-liberals have very contrasting view, they see universal provision of benefits and social security as nonsensical; it gives to those who dont need it and wastes resources. Child benefit, for example, costs nearly  £5 billion a year (1988), going to 6.8 million households with 12 million children regardless of income. (Limited, 2015) Neo-liberals ideally want the welfare state and social security to be in line with the residual model which only gives social security and welfare benefits to the deserving poor, the individuals right at the bottom of society. Means testing is a vital part of neoliberal governing, it limits the needs for goods and services by charging for things like dental checkups so will reduce the demand for these services. In the eyes of neo-liberals, poverty is seen as something that is caused by the idleness of the individuals at the bottom of society and isnt considered to be an economic problem to be combatted by the government. Welfare and soc ial security recipients tend to become welfare dependent so become complacent and do not try to earn money in the marketplace relying on the safety net of the state. The contrasting views of social democrats and neo-liberals are obvious. Neo liberals focus on the economic development of a country where as social democrats view social justice as the paramount feature of governing society. There are many drawbacks and needs for both political stances in UK history, where neoliberalism is seen to be the main driving force behind globalization producing wealth for the economy it is argued that it is also the main driving force behind inequality and treats citizens as consumers for the privatized market. Social democrats however reduced inequality by creating state run systems that act as a preventative measure for social ills but this created an economic crisis as the surplus of wealth could not fund the social security and welfare of state run systems so taxes had to be increased and the economy was severely damaged. Taxation and social security will always be a major discussion point in global politics, there will always be a need to both as they a re co-dependent in order to be effective. The only way to achieve a fair democratic system is to compromise between both neo-liberal and social democratic political stances, both considering the economy and social justice as a means to achieve a fully functioning government. References Ferrara, P. (2011) Reaganomics vs. Obamanomics: Facts and figures. Available at: http://www.forbes.com/sites/peterferrara/2011/05/05/reaganomics-vs-obamanomics-facts-and-figures/#30c60c963a1d (Accessed: 20 January 2017). Fox, Paul (2016) Available at: https://studentcentral.brighton.ac.uk/bbcswebdav/pid-2833560-dt-content-rid-5267320_1/courses/SS407_2016/SS407%20Seminar%20taxation%20and%20the%20public%20purse.doc (Accessed: 20 January 2017). Investopedia.com (2003) Laissez Faire, in Available at: http://www.investopedia.com/terms/l/laissezfaire.asp (Accessed: 20 January 2017). Limited, S.Y.M. (2015) Social policy: Philosophies of welfare. Available at: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/sociology/welfare/revise-it/social-policy-philosophies-of-welfare (Accessed: 20 January 2017). Merriam-Webster (2017) Definition of SOCIAL DEMOCRACY. Available at: https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/social%20democracy (Accessed: 20 January 2017). Mikkelson, D. (2014) Margaret Thatcher on socialism. Available at: http://www.snopes.com/politics/quotes/thatcher.asp (Accessed: 20 January 2017). veronica, risie (2015a) The advantages of Privatisation. Available at: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/economics/privatisation/revise-it/the-advantages-of-privatisation (Accessed: 20 January 2017). veronica, risie (2015b) The disadvantages of Privatisation. Available at: http://www.s-cool.co.uk/a-level/economics/privatisation/revise-it/the-disadvantages-of-privatisation (Accessed: 20 January 2017).